Roberto Schopflocher (1937-2016) — Novelista, cuentista y agrรณnomo judรญo-alemรกn- argentino/German Argentine Jewish Novelist, Short-story Writer and Agronomist — “Extraรฑos negocios”/ “Strange Business — fragmento de una novela sobre Marquitos, un perdedor/excerpt from a novel about Marquitos, a loser

Roberto Schlopflocher

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Robert Schopflocher naciรณ en una familia judรญa alemana asimilada. Despuรฉs de que los nazis tomaron el poder, fue excluido de asistir a la escuela primaria humanรญstica en Fรผrth y en su lugar asistiรณ a un internado judรญo. En abril de 1937, su familia huyรณ a Argentina. Allรญ, Schopflocher asistiรณ a la Escuela Pestalozzi fundada por August Siemsen. He publicado varios artรญculos en la revista del exilio La Otra Alemania editada por Siemsen. Sin embargo, por motivos econรณmicos no pudo iniciar una carrera como periodista o autor.
Despuรฉs de completar sus estudios de agronomรญa, Schopflocher trabajรณ como administrador agrรญcola y comerciante de importaciones. Escribiรณ varios libros de texto y obras especializadas sobre temas agrรญcolas. A partir de la dรฉcada de 1980 tambiรฉn comenzรณ a escribir literatura: ensayos, crรญticas, cuentos y poemas, todos escritos inicialmente en espaรฑol. El autor tenรญa mรกs de setenta aรฑos cuando empezรณ a escribir en alemรกn. El impulso para esto provino de sus experiencias al traducir sus propios escritos al alemรกn. Al hacerlo, Schopflocher tuvo la impresiรณn de que estaba eliminando un “Schicht” (“capa”) y revelando el “in der Muttersprache abgelagerte[n] Urtext” (“texto original depositado en mi lengua materna”, ed. trad, cita basado en Dirk Niefanger/Gunnar Och, Robert Schopflocher, der Erzรคhler [El narrador], 2018) A partir de ese momento, escribiรณ sus historias y novelas en alemรกn. En ensayos y conferencias, se comprometiรณ con su bilingรผismo como escritor.
Roberto Schopflocher fue miembro honorario del Centro PEN de Escritores de Habla Alemana en el Extranjero. En 2008 la ciudad de Fรผrth le otorgรณ el premio Jakob Wassermann.

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Robert Schopflocherย was born into an assimilated German-Jewish family. After the Nazis seized power, he was excluded from attending the humanistic grammar school inย Fรผrthย and instead attended a Jewish boarding school. In April 1937, his family fled to Argentina. There,ย Schopflocherย attended the Pestalozzi School founded byย August Siemsen. He published several articles in the exile magazineย La otra Alemaniaย edited byย Siemsen. Yet, due to economic reasons, he was unable to begin a career as a journalist or author.

After completing his studies in Agronomy, Schopflocher worked as an agricultural administrator and import merchant. He wrote several textbooks and specialist works on agricultural topics. From the 1980s onwards, he also began to write literature โ€“ essays, criticism, stories and poems, all initially written in Spanish. The author was into his seventies before he began to write in German. The impetus for this came from his experiences of translating his own writings into German. By doing so, Schopflocher had the impression that he was removing a โ€œSchichtโ€ (โ€œlayerโ€) and revealing the โ€žin der Muttersprache abgelagerte[n] Urtextโ€œ (โ€œoriginal text deposited in my mother tongueโ€, ed. trans, Quotation based on Dirk Niefanger/Gunnar Och, Robert Schopflocher, der Erzรคhler [The Story-Teller], 2018) From that point on, he wrote his stories and novels in German. In essays and lectures, he engaged with his bilingualism as a writer.

Roberto Schopflocher was an honorary member of the PEN Centre of German-Speaking Writers Abroad. In 2008, the city of Fรผrth awarded him the Jakob Wassermann Prize.

Reencuentros La historia de un perdedor

    Lo reconocรญ de inmediato, por mรกs que alcancรฉ a verlo tan sรณlo de espaldas. Y eso que habรญan pasado varios aรฑos sin que nuestros caminos se cruzaran: prรกcticamente, desde que fracaso nuestro negocio, el รบnico que habรญamos emprendido juntos. Quizรก por lo nerviosas brusquedad de sus movimientos o por esas orejas salientes, motivos de tantas burlas de escuela, el hecho fue que lo supe de inmediato: no podรญa otro que Marcos Silberman, Marquitos para sus allegados. La cola de sol resignados ciudadanos avanzaba lentamente.

*

       Mรกs de una vez mamรก me lo habรญa advertido: el chico aquรฉl es un tiro al aire y, acรณrdate de mis palabras, va a terminar mal. Nunca me enterรฉ en quรฉ fundaba sus presagios, acompaรฑado por una mirada lanzada al cielo y un suspiro, de รฉsos que sรณlo ella sabรญa emitir.

      Marquitos ero un hijo de nuestros vecinos, el mรกs grande de los tres. Un chico lleno de ideas fascinantes. Sentรญa una profunda admiraciรณn por quien era para mรญ como ese hermano mayor, que yo no tenรญa. Debo aclarar que ser vecino significaba mucho en nuestra colonia, casi tanto como ser pariente. A veces, mรกs.

      A primera vista, nuestras casas se parecรญan. Las mismas galerรญas. Imp de sus costados cerrado por enredaderas de flores olorosas: olorosas: madreselvas, jazmines, glicinas. Las mismas cocinas con dos hornallas, alimentadas a marlos y carbรณn de leรฑa. Idรฉnticas casillas de retrete, a treinta pasos detrรกs, el fondo del patio, en cuyo entro algunos paraรญsos, aplacaban con su sombra el fuego de las siestas estivales; de noche, nuestras gallinas dormรญan en sus ramas. Cortinas de crochet delante de las pequeรฑas ventanas; en la pared, las fotos de viejos barbudos de bajo del vidrio bombรฉ en marco ovalado. Con el correr de los aรฑos descubrรญ las diferencias. En la casa de los Silberman habรญa mรกs libros que en la nuestra. Hileras de libros. En cambio, nosotros algunos adornos adicionales; un centro de mesa de vidrio prensado en forma de cisne; dos รณleos; paisajes suizos con montaรฑas nevadas, alegres cabaรฑas y algunos cervatillos. Desde luego, cada familia poseรญa su propia historia, su propio lenguaje secreto y hasta sus propios chistes. Ahรญ se notaban las mayores diferencias entre los Silberman y nosotros, los Burdanek.

*

        Poco antes de tocarle el turno, Marcos se dio vuelta y me descubriรณ: ยกQuรฉ casualidad! Lo era de verdad, pues tragarme colas no formaba parte de mis costumbres. Mi tiempo vale oro. Me abrazรณ. Efusivamente, dirรญa yo. Quรฉ es tu vida, quise saber. Y entonces, en lugar de conformarme con cualquier contestaciรณn anodina, puso cara de misterio. Mรกs tarde te cuento, me prometiรณ. Lo mirรฉ con mayor detenciรณn. Registrรฉ el paรฑo lustroso de su traje, la camisa de cuello gastado, el portfolio raรญdo y deformado. A quรฉ tanto misterio, me dije algo fastidiado. Seguramente correteaba los artรญculos plรกsticos queโ€”recordรฉโ€”fabricaba su suegro, un engreรญdo emigrante alemรกn, que tenรญa bien corto de riendas a ese yerno bohemio en sus severos ojos. De algo hay que vivir, solรญa vivir decir mi finado padre, de algo decente en lo posible. La รบltima vez que tropecรฉ con mi amigo fue en un negocio de muebles de jardรญn sobre la Panamericana, al cual; mi mujer me habรญa arrastrado para conseguir un juego de sillones de hierro, que consideraba de imperiosa necesidad para nuestra quita el club del campo. Fue varios aรฑos despuรฉs de haber perdido nuestre asesorรญa; yo estaba organizando mi shopping-center. Recurro a las etapas de mis negocios para medir el tiempo. Asรญ como otros emplean el crecimiento de sus hijos a modo de cronรณmetro. Cada uno tiene su mรฉtodo.

      Entonces fui testigo de la derrota de mi amigo como vendedor de enanos de terracota, aquellos hombrecillos de gorro rojo que sonreรญan bondadosos detrรกs de barbas blancas y que en otros tiempos vigilaban los helechos en los patios y jugaban a las escondidas en la sombra de los jardines de la gente de โ€œclase Media, mรกs bien bajaโ€, como suele expresarse Yolanda, mi mujer.

      La escena que me tocรณ presenciar en aquella

oportunidad fue bastante bochornosa. Doy gracias a Dios de que el anonadado Marquitos no se percatara de mi presencia. Lo vi inquieto en un rincรณn, sus catรกlogos y listas de precios en el regazo. El dueรฑo del negocio lo habรญa plantado para atender a un caballero, quien con culto susurro manifestaba su interรฉs por uno de esos curiosos enanos, figurillas divertidos, expresiรณn de arte popular, que estaban llegando del Lejano Oriente. El comerciante simulaba no entender; uno nunca sabe si no estรก tratando con algรบn inspector disfrazado, a la pesca de una coima. Por ese seรฑor de compartimento educado, casi se dirรญa tรญmido, mรกs bien se parecรญa al gerente de una antigua casa exportadora de cereales. Hasta podrรญa ser inglรฉs. O catedrรกtico. No se inmutรณ ante el trato elusivo recibido. Ponderรณ el ingenio oriental y el humor popular de un tal Rabelais, quien segรบn se explicaba, no sabรญa de falsos pudores. Citรณ la mitologรญa de Los Antiguos y el Kamasutra, para terminar con las pinturas erรณticas en los muros de las villas de Pompeya.

     El comerciante, convencido por fin de la legitimidad del cliente, lo condujo al rincรณn mรกs apartado del salรณn de ventas, pasando por los toboganes y hamacas, sombrillas y colchonetas inflables, hasta llegar a unos enanos de aspecto inocente. De lejos reconocรญ el estilo: engendros de plรกstico reforzado, que portaban delantales de vinรญlica imitaciรณn cuero. El vendedor alzรณ el delantal de uno ellos con gesto dramรกtico, dejando al descubierto un falo obscenamente gigante.

     El respetable caballero parecรญa satisfecho; elogiรณ la excelente muestra del arte oriental, como si fuese experto en la materia. Y ordenรณ que cargasen la figura en el coche, cuidando de que no se le quebrara nada. Sin chistar pagรณ el precio exigido.

   ยฟSe dio cuenta? โ€“se dirigiรณ el comerciante a Marcos, una vez que el cliente dejรณ el local. –ยฟPor quรฉ no se les ocurren ideas nuevas a los industriales nacionales?

La verdad, somos unos atrasados โ€“ admitiรณ Marquitos con aparente contriciรณn — ยกLo que son los orientales!

  Alcancรฉ a observar la cara burlona de mi amigo.

   –Viera el รฉxito que tienen esos enanitos pornogrรกficos. Hay clientes que se los llevan de a dos o de a tres. Y parece mentira la clase de gente que viene. Algunos se las dan de sabios, se interesan por los aspectos antropolรณgicos del asunto; me dan cรกtedra sobre mitologรญa, hablan con tono doctoral de Creta, de la Mesopotamia, de los dioses la fertilidad. Se dan aire de profesores para justificar la compra de esa basura. Y me piden que tenga cuidado para a no se les quiebre nada. Crรฉame: yo los fajo que es un gusto; cobro mi impuesto a la lujuria.

     El hombre parรณ de hablar. Con una sonrisa de simpatรญa miraba ese infeliz corredor de enanos pasados de moda. Rictus que, en realidad, no era mรกs que un tic nervioso; tal vez la consecuencia del trato demasiado รญntimo con tantos gnomos.

     Y entonces sucediรณ algo que no olvidarรฉ por el resto de mi vida. El semblante de Marcos parecรญa iluminarse por dentro; era como si de repente se volviese transparente, dejando al descubierto su verdadera personalidad, oculta detrรกs de la mรกscara de humilde viajante:

     –Lo que es importante es satisfacer los deseos de los seres humanos, para que vivan mรกs felices y reine la paz sobre la Tierra โ€“ dijo como pensando en voz alta. Era patente que no se referรญa esos vulgares adefesios.

     El comerciante no respondiรณ; se limitรณ a seguir mirรกndolo con se engaรฑosa pseudosonrisa.

Evoquรฉ la ceremonia nupcial en el shil, la pequeรฑa sinagoga de nuestra colonia. Con asombrosa nitidez me llegaron esos detalles minรบsculos, que, analizados en la retrospectiva, parecรญan presagiar los futuros acontecimientos. El leve tufo a sรณtano sin ventilar y la lumbre amarillenta que irradiaban los cirios, bajo el palio, se confundรญan en la luz รกcida de los Sol de Noche. Un clima irreal que me sacudiรณ. Cuando observรฉ a Anita, que tomaba del brazo de su padre que se dirigรญa al palio, acudiรณ a mi memoria una frase de Rabรญ Moshe Lieb: <<Nuestro camino en este mundo es como el filo de una navaja: de un lado estรก el mundo ilusorio y de aquel, el otro mundo. El camino de la vita estรก entre los dos>>. No se crea que yo soy un conocedor de la Cรกbala. Nada de eso: habรญa escuchado la cita aรฑos atrรกs de boca del abuelo de Marquitos. Fue en una de las tertulias que durante las noches de invierno se celebran en la casa de los Silberman. Mi piadoso abuelo Leiva, enemigo de todo lo que olรญa de misticismo, habรญa reprochado a su compaรฑero. ยกCitar semejantes herejรญas en presencia de los niรฑos! Hay que saberse, que mi abuela se aferraba al Shuljan Aruj, compendio que regula la vida de los judรญos conforme con la Ley de Moisรฉs, tal como fue codificada por los talmudistas. Como era lรณgico, contaba con el apoyo incondicional de nuestro shoijet, mientras que el gerente de la cooperativa integraba un dรบo apรณstata con el maestro de hebreo. Ninguno de los dos pertenecรญa al cรญrculo รญntimo de los viejos, y eso sรณlo por ser de otra generaciรณn. El maestro detestaba la rigidez de las leyes rabรญnicas que, segรบn รฉl, estaban asfixiando las fuerzas vitales de los judรญos, a los que รบnicamente el retorno a las fuentes vivas en la vieja-nueva patria podrรญan redimir. Y segรบn el gerente, todas las religiones no eran mรกs que opio para los pueblos. Recuerdo como los dos instaron a mi abuelo para que diera cumplimento a las leyes de la Torรก, lapidando sin mรกs trรกmite a todas las adรบlteras que conocรญa. El abuelo de Marcos se abstenรญa de intervenir en semejantes disputas. Segรบn supe aรฑos mรกs tarde, preferรญa enfrascarse en el estudio del Hemet yamin e ilustrarse asรญ sobre c cรณmo segur una vida conforme con la Cรกbala. A decir la verdad: nunca lleguรฉ a comprender los argumentos esgrimidos por los bebedores de tรฉ. Pero recuerdo la mรบsica de sus voces: la estridencia belicosa de mi irritable abuelo y el profundo cรกntico tranquilizador de Reb Abraham.

*

     El servicio en el temple estaba a cargo de Reb Duvid, nuestro shoijet, cuyo fantasma se empeรฑรณ en saludarme mientras yo manejaba el coche. Un hombrecillo enjuto, el rostro pรกlido enmarcado por una barba rala, de nariz larga y filosa, que transmitรญa una impresiรณn de frรกgil espiritualidad. En mis recuerdos sigue canturreando las siete bendiciones de prรกctica. La novia da sus siete vueltas en turno al grupo reunido bajo el palio. Rodeos como lo exige la costumbre. Como siete son los dรญas de la semana y siete vueltas ce la correa alrededor del antebrazo para fijar la cรกpsula de las filacterias. Siete, nos explicaba el abuelo de Marquitos, pese a las protestas de su propia mujer: el valor de letra zeta, zaรญn, que conduce a zโ€™man, el tiempo, con cuyas fibras estรก tejida nuestra identidad. El maestro de hebreo, ese truculente burlador, tenรญa preparada una explicaciรณn irreverente para las siete vueltas de la novia. :as da, pontificaba, para que la concurrencia se convenza de que la niรฑa no estรก embarazada. La entrega del anillo, luego, y la antiquรญsima fรณrmula consagratoria, pronunciada por el novio. Creo que fui uno de los pocos que advirtieron el pequeรฑo incidente que se produjo cuando Anita procurรณ levantar el velo para llevar el cรกliz a sus labios. El tul, prรฉstamo de la madre de Marcos, se enredรณ, y cuando Werner ayudรณ a subirlo se rasgรณ.

____________________________________

Reunions The story of a loser

I recognized him immediately, even though I only managed to see him from behind. And that was after several years without our paths crossing: practically, since our business failed, the only one we had undertaken together. Perhaps because of the nervous abruptness of his movements or because of those protruding ears, the reason for so many school jokes, the fact was that I knew immediately: it could be none other than Marcos Silberman, Marquitos to his friends. The queue of resigned citizens moved slowly.

*

More than once my mother had warned me: that boy is a shot in the air and, remember my words, he is going to end badly. I never found out what she based her predictions on, accompanied by a look thrown to the sky and a sigh, one of those that only she knew how to emit.
Marquitos was a son of our neighbors, the oldest of the three. A boy full of fascinating ideas. I felt a deep admiration for someone who was like that older brother to me, the one I didn’t have. I must clarify that being a neighbor meant a lot in our neighborhood, almost as much as being a relative. Sometimes, more.
At first glance, our houses looked alike. The same verandas. The sides of the houses were closed by climbing plants of fragrant flowers: fragrant: honeysuckle, jasmine, wisteria. The same kitchens with two burners, fed by cornflowers and charcoal. Identical toilet stalls, thirty steps behind, the back of the patio, in whose interior some paradise trees soothed with their shade the fire of summer siestas; at night, our chickens slept in their branches. Crochet curtains in front of the small windows; on the wall, photos of bearded old men under the domed glass in an oval frame. As the years went by, I discovered the differences. In the Silberman house there were more books than in ours. Rows of books. On the other hand, we had some additional decorations; a pressed glass centrepiece in the shape of a swan; two oil paintings; Swiss landscapes with snow-capped mountains, cheerful cottages and a few fawns. Of course, each family had its own story, its own secret language and even its own jokes. That was where the biggest differences between the Silbermans and us, the Burdaneks, were evident.

*
Shortly before it was his turn, Marcos turned around and discovered me: What a coincidence! It really was, because swallowing colas was not part of my customs. My time is money. He hugged me. Effusively, I would say. What is your life like, I wanted to know. And then, instead of settling for any bland answer, he put on a mysterious face. I’ll tell you later, he promised. I looked at him more closely. I checked the shiny cloth of his suit, the shirt with the worn collar, the worn and deformed briefcase. Why so much mystery, I said to myself, somewhat annoyed. Surely he was running around the plastic articles thatโ€”I rememberedโ€”his father-in-law made, a conceited German immigrant, who kept that bohemian son-in-law on a tight leash in his severe eyes. You have to live off something, my late father used to say, something decent if possible. The last time I ran into my friend was in a garden furniture store on the Panamericana, where my wife had dragged me to get a set of iron chairs, which she considered imperative for our country club sale. It was several years after we lost our consultancy; I was organizing my shopping center. I use the stages of my businesses to measure time, just as others use the growth of their children as a stopwatch. Each one has his own method.
Then I witnessed the defeat of my friend as a seller of terracotta dwarfs, those little men with red hats who smiled kindly behind white beards and who in other times watched over the ferns in the patios and played hide-and-seek in the shade of the gardens of people from the โ€œmiddle class, rather lower class,โ€ as Yolanda, my wife, often says.
The scene I witnessed on that occasion was quite embarrassing. I thank God that the stunned Marquitos did not notice my presence. I saw him fidgeting in a corner, his catalogues and price lists on his lap. The owner of the shop had left him to attend to a gentleman who, in a cultured whisper, expressed his interest in one of those curious dwarfs, funny little figures, an expression of popular art, that were arriving from the Far East. The merchant pretended not to understand; one never knows if one is not dealing with some disguised inspector, fishing for a bribe. From this gentleman with a polite manner, one could almost say shy, he looked more like the manager of an old grain exporting house. He could even be English. Or a professor. He did not flinch at the evasive treatment he received. He pondered the oriental wit and popular humour of a certain Rabelais, who, as he explained, knew nothing of false modesty. He quoted the mythology of the Ancients and the Kama Sutra, ending with the erotic paintings on the walls of the villas of Pompeii.
The merchant, finally convinced of the legitimacy of the client, led him to the most remote corner of the sales room, past the slides and hammocks, umbrellas and inflatable mattresses, until he reached some innocent-looking dwarves. From a distance I recognized their style: reinforced plastic creatures, wearing imitation leather vinyl aprons.

The seller lifted the apron of one of them with a dramatic gesture, revealing an obscenely gigantic phallus.
The respectable gentleman seemed satisfied; he praised the excellent example of oriental art, as if he were an expert in the matter. And he ordered the figure to be loaded onto the cart, taking care not to break anything. Without a murmur he paid the price demanded.
Did you notice? โ€“ the merchant addressed Marcos, once the client left the shop. –Why don’t the national industrialists come up with new ideas?
The truth is, we are backward โ€“ admitted Marquitos with apparent contrition โ€“ What the orientals are!
I managed to observe my friend’s mocking face.
–Look at the success those pornographic dwarves have. There are clients who take them in twos or threes. And it seems incredible the kind of people who come. Some of them think of themselves as wise, they are interested in the anthropological aspects of the matter; They lecture me on mythology, they talk in a doctoral tone about Crete, Mesopotamia, the gods of fertility. They give themselves the air of professors to justify the purchase of this rubbish. And they ask me to be careful not to break anything. Believe me: I’ll beat them up for pleasure; I collect my tax on lust.
The man stopped talking. With a sympathetic smile he looked at this unhappy corridor of old-fashioned dwarves. A grimace that, in reality, was nothing more than a nervous tic; perhaps the consequence of dealing too intimately with so many gnomes.
And then something happened that I will not forget for the rest of my life. Marcos’s face seemed to light up from within; it was as if he suddenly became transparent, revealing his true personality, hidden behind the mask of a humble traveller:
–What is important is to satisfy the desires of human beings, so that they live happier and peace reigns on Earth – he said as if thinking out loud. It was obvious that he was not referring to these vulgar monstrosities.
The merchant did not reply, but simply continued to look at him with his deceptive pseudo-smile.

I recalled the wedding ceremony in the shil, the small synagogue in our colony. These tiny details came to me with astonishing clarity, and, in retrospect, seemed to foreshadow future events. The faint smell of an unventilated cellar and the yellowish light radiating from the candles under the canopy blended in with the acid light of the Sol de Noche. An unreal atmosphere that shook me. When I watched Anita, who took her father’s arm as he walked towards the canopy, a phrase from Rabbi Moshe Lieb came to mind: <>. Don’t think that I am a connoisseur of the Kabbalah. Not at all: I had heard the quote years ago from Marquitos’ grandfather. It was at one of the winter evening gatherings held at the Silbermans’ house. My pious grandfather Leiva, an enemy of everything that smacked of mysticism, had reproached his companion. Quoting such heresies in the presence of children! You have to know that my grandmother clung to the Shuljan Aruj, a compendium that regulates the life of the Jews in accordance with the Law of Moses, as it was codified by the Talmudists. Naturally, she had the unconditional support of our shoijet, while the manager of the cooperative was part of an apostate duo with the Hebrew teacher. Neither of them belonged to the inner circle of the old people, and that was only because they were from another generation. The teacher detested the rigidity of the rabbinical laws which, according to him, were suffocating the vital forces of the Jews, , who could only be redeemed by a return to the living sources in the old-new homeland. And according to the manager, all religions were nothing more than opium for the people. I remember how the two urged my grandfather to comply with the laws of the Torah, stoning without further ado all the adulteresses he met. Mark’s grandfather abstained from intervening in such disputes. As I learned years later, he preferred to immerse himself in the study of Hemet Yamin and thereby educate himself on how to lead a life in accordance with Kabbalah. To tell the truth, I never understood the arguments put forward by the tea drinkers. But I remember the music of their voices: the bellicose stridence of my irritable grandfather and the deep, soothing chant of Reb Abraham.

*
The service at the temple was conducted by Reb Duvid, our shoichet, whose ghost insisted on greeting me as I drove the car. A thin little man, his pale face framed by a sparse beard, with a long, sharp nose, who conveyed an impression of fragile spirituality. In my memories he continues to hum the seven blessings of practice. The bride takes seven turns in the group gathered under the canopy. Turns as custom demands. As there are seven days in the week and seven turns of the strap around the forearm to secure the capsule of the phylacteries. Seven, Marquitos’ grandfather explained to us, despite the protests of his own wife: the value of the letter zeta, zain, which leads to z’man, time, with whose fibers our identity is woven. The Hebrew teacher, that truculent mocker, had prepared an irreverent explanation for the seven turns of the bride. :as da, he pontificated, so that the audience would be convinced that the girl was not pregnant. Then the delivery of the ring, and the ancient consecratory formula, pronounced by the groom. I think I was one of the few who noticed the little incident that occurred when Anita tried to lift the veil to bring the chalice to her lips. The tulle, borrowed from Marcos’ mother, got tangled, and when Werner helped her to raise it, it tore.


Alicia Dujovne Ortiz — Novelista judรญo-argentina-francesa/Argentine French Jewish Novelista — “La maldita llegada de los judรญos a la pampa argentina”/”The Damnable Arrival of the Jews to the Argentine Pampas- una sรกtira/a satire –Fragmento de la novela “Andanzas” “Excerpt from the novel “Andanzas”

Alicia Dujovne Ortiz

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Alicia Dujovne Ortiz naciรณ en Buenos Aires en 1939 en el seno de una familia de intelectuales de izquierda. Su madre, catรณlica , Alicia Ortiz, fue una escritora feminista y comunista, y su padre, judรญo, Carlos Dujovne, un dirigente del PC argentino que  cursรณ estudios en Moscรบ y fue miembro de la Internacional Sindical Roja. En 1978 A.D.O. se instalรณ en Francia, huyendo de la dictadura militar implantada en su paรญs. En efecto, como redactora cultural del diario La Opiniรณn, intervenido por el ejรฉrcito y cuyo director, Jacobo Timerman, fue torturado en una cรกrcel clandestina, su situaciรณn estaba particularmente comprometida. Gracias a una pequeรฑa beca de la Embajada de Francia, viajรณ a Parรญs con su hija de trece aรฑos. Al poco tiempo firmรณ su primer contrato de ediciรณn con el Mercure de France y comenzรณ a colaborar en los diarios Les Nouvelles Littรฉraires y Le Monde. Mรกs tarde le siguieron editoriales como Gallimard, Grasset o La Dรฉcouverte en las que publicรณ unos veinte libros. Su obra suma en total treinta y cinco volรบmenes, algunos de ellos editados solo en castellano y otros, solo en francรฉs. En castellano publicรณ las novelas La procesiรณn va por dentro, Marea, 2019, La mรกs agraciada y La Madama, Planeta, 2015 y 2013, Un corazรณn tan recioLa muรฑeca rusaLas perlas rojasAnita cubierta de arena, Mireya, El รกrbol de la gitana, Alfaguara, 2011, 2009, 2005, 2004, 1998  y 1991, El agujero en la tierra, Monte Avila,  Caracas, 1982,  El buzรณn de la esquina, Calicanto1980, asรญ como las biografรญas y crรณnicas Cronista de dos mundos Milagro, Marea, 2021 y 2017, Quiรฉn matรณ a Diego Duarte, Crรณnicas de la basura, Aguilar, 2011, El camarada CarlosEva Perรณn, La biografรญa (best-seller internacional), Alfaguara, 2008 y 1995, Dora Maar, Prisionera de la mirada, Vaso Roto, Mรฉxico, 2003, Al que se va, Zorzal, 2002, Maradona soy yo, Emecรฉ, 1992, y Maria Elena Walsh, Jรบcar, Madrid, 1980. Varios de sus libros han sido traducidos a mรกs de veinte idiomas. Recibiรณ  el Premio Konex de Platino, la Mission Stendhal del gobierno francรฉs o la beca de creaciรณn de la John Simon Guggenheimโ€™Fondation. Es miembro del PEF (Parlement des Ecrivaines Francophones). Acaba de terminar Aguardiente, tercera novela de autoficciรณn de una obra basada en el tema del exilio que llevarรก el tรญtulo general de Andanzas e incluye El รกrbol de la gitana y Las perlas rojas. Ha retomado la pintura, abandonada desde hace โ€œapenasโ€ sesenta aรฑos, y prepara una exposiciรณn en la Embajada argentina en Parรญs. Tiene, ademรกs de una hija, dos nietas y dos bisnietos.

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Alicia Dujovne Ortiz was born in Buenos Aires in 1939 to a family of left-wing intellectuals. Her Catholic mother, Alicia Ortiz, was a feminist and communist writer, and her Jewish father, Carlos Dujovne, was a leader of the Argentine Communist Party who studied in Moscow and was a member of the Red International of Trade Unions. In 1978, A.D.O. moved to France, fleeing the military dictatorship in her country. Indeed, as a cultural editor for the newspaper La Opiniรณn, which was taken over by the army and whose director, Jacobo Timerman, was tortured in a clandestine prison, her situation was particularly compromised. Thanks to a small grant from the French Embassy, โ€‹โ€‹she travelled to Paris with her thirteen-year-old daughter. Shortly afterwards she signed her first publishing contract with Mercure de France and began to collaborate with the newspapers Les Nouvelles Littรฉraires and Le Monde. Later, publishers such as Gallimard, Grasset and La Dรฉcouverte followed suit, with whom she published around twenty books. Her work totals thirty-five volumes, some of which were published only in Spanish and others only in French. In Spanish she published the novels The Procession Goes Inside, Marea, 2019; The Most Graceful and The Madama, Planeta, 2015 and 2013; A Heart So Strong, The Russian Doll, The Red Pearls, Anita Covered in Sand, Mireya, The Gypsy Tree, Alfaguara, 2011, 2009, 2005, 2004, 1998 and 1991; The Hole in the Earth, Monte Avila, Caracas, 1982; The Corner Mailbox, Calicanto, 1980; as well as the biographies and chronicles Chronicler of Two Worlds and Miracle, Marea, 2021 and 2017; Who Killed Diego Duarte? Chronicles of the Garbage, Aguilar, 2011; Comrade Carlos, Eva Perรณn, The Biography (international best-seller), Alfaguara, 2008 and 1995, Dora Maar, Prisionera de la mirada (Prisoner of the Look), Vaso Roto (Mexico City), 2003, Al que se va (Al Who Goes), Zorzal (2002), Maradona soy yo (Maradona I Am), Emecรฉ (1992), and Maria Elena Walsh (Maria Elena Walsh), Jรบcar (Madrid), 1980. Several of her books have been translated into more than twenty languages. She received the Konex Platinum Prize, the Mission Stendhal from the French government, and the creation grant from the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation. She is a member of the PEF (Parlement des Ecrivaines Francophones). She has just finished La procesiรณn va por dentro, Marea, 2019: La mรกs agraciada y La Madama, Planeta, 2015 y 2013, Un corazรณn tan recioLa muรฑeca rusaLas perlas rojasAnita cubierta de arena, Mireya, El รกrbol de la gitana, Alfaguara, 2011, 2009, 2005, 2004, 1998  y 1991: El agujero en la tierra, Monte Avila,  Caracas, 1982,  El buzรณn de la esquina, Calicanto1980, as well as biografรญas y crรณnicas Cronista de dos mundos Milagro, Marea, 2021 y 2017, Quiรฉn matรณ a Diego Duarte, Crรณnicas de la basura, Aguilar, 2011, El camarada CarlosEva Perรณn. La Aguardiente (Brand New), the third autofiction novel in a work based on the theme of exile that bears the general title Andanzas (Andanzas) and includes El รกrbol de la gitana (The Gypsy Tree) and Las perlas rojas (Red Pearls). She has taken up painting again, having abandoned it โ€œbarelyโ€ sixty years ago, and is preparing an exhibition at the Argentine Embassy in Paris. In addition to a daughter, she has two granddaughters and two great-grandsons

De: Alicia Dujovne Ortiz. Andanzas: Trilogรญa autobiogrรกfica. EQUIDISTANCIAS. Kindle Edition.

Colonia Carmel

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Inesperadamente, Samuel se le acercรณ: โ€”Entonces, vรกmonos. A ella la excitaciรณn la hizo ponerse de pie. Sin darse cuenta pateรณ unas hojas y preguntรณ con voz estrangulada: โ€” ยฟEn serio lo decรญs? ยฟTe irรญas? โ€”ยฟQuรฉ se puede perder? Volviรณ a sentarse, enfurruรฑada. โ€” La respuesta no es รฉsa. Si uno se va al fin del mundo, a las colonias agrarias del Barรณn de Hirsch, no serรก para encogerse de hombros con semejante amargura. โ€”Cada uno reacciona como puede, Sรกrele. Apenada, ella le insuflรณ รกnimos con un cariรฑo un poco seco, acariciรกndole la mejilla con la palma abierta, en forma vertical, como si lo afeitara. Mientras lo hacรญa volviรณ a la carga: โ€”ยฟSabรฉs cuรกnto recibirรก cada colono, Samuel? Trescientas hectรกreas. โ€”Serรกn treinta. โ€”Te digo que trescientas. Y le contรณ de nuevo lo que el novio sabรญa de memoria: que habรญa ido a Kishinev para escuchar la conferencia del emisario del barรณn, ese barรณn francรฉs que los querรญa salvar de los pogroms. Y que trescientas hectรกreas en la Argentina no eran nada, porque la pampa aquรฉlla era una estepa inacabable. Y repetรญa las palabras โ€œllanuraโ€ e โ€œinfinitaโ€ con tales gestos de grandeza, que Samuel la besรณ para impedir que se volara. A veces creemos besar al dueรฑo de unos labios, cuando en realidad estamos besando una idea. En los labios de Sara, รฉl besรณ a la Argentina, y ni siquiera, tal como ella lo temรญa, fue un beso esperanzado, sino movido por un recuerdo de plumas blancas. Para los judรญos de Besarabia, el dรญa en que asesinaron a Alejandro II se convirtiรณ en un dรญa de plumas blancas. Samuel de ese pogrom no recordaba muertos ni sangre, recordaba colchones abiertos y manos de cosacos que se metรญan por los tajos de los colchones para buscar el dinero judรญo, y un gran cuchillo que despanzurraba su propio colchoncito, y una nieve de plumas revoloteando por la casa. Se estremeciรณ: โ€”Pero a mรญ que no me den trescientas hectรกreas, Sรกrele.  ยฟQuรฉ voy a hacer con tanta tierra? โ€”Aprenderemos. Trabajaremos con la hoz y el arado y nos liberaremos de la condena intelectual. โ€”ยฟComo querรฉs que me libere de la condena intelectual? Y entonces ella, completamente harta: โ€”ยกAy, Samuel, Samuel! Ahora me vas a salir con que has vivido siglos pisando no tierra sino Libro, recorriendo no caminos sino palabras alineadas, hebreas, arameas, hasta sรกnscritas, me vas a salir con que tenรฉs sangre gitana y que los gitanos vinieron de la India y que vos por eso estudiรกs sรกnscrito, y que ni los judรญos ni los gitanos necesitamos tierra. iPero es que yo no puedo mรกs, Samuel, no puedo mรกs, y despertate, que la vida no es eso! โ€”ยฟNo te parece que alguien va rehaciendo un dibujo? โ€”murmurรณ รฉl sin escucharlaโ€”. Hablaremos espaรฑol, nosotros que vinimos de Jazaria…lehuda Halevy cuenta que cuando el ministro judรญo del califa de Cรณrdoba se enterรณ de que existรญa un reino judรญo a orillas del mar Caspio … โ€”Mirรก, Samuel, si no te despertรกs, yo me voy sola. Samuel levantรณ el vaso de tรฉ con mango de plata que la chusma cristiana, por azar, no se habรญa llevado, mirรณ al trasluz el lรญquido rojizo con su kinoto almibarado en el fondo y pronunciรณ โ€”ยฟquรฉ remedio cabรญa? โ€”el discurso impetuoso que Sara y los demรกs futuros inmigrantes esperaban del maestro de escuela, pero que dos padres y dos madres escucharon de lejos, como en un sueรฑo: โ€”El Barรณn de Hirsch… nunca mรกs un pogrom … una colonia que nos espera en la provincia de Entre Rรญos … los judรญos nacidos en la Argentina precisarรกn maestros… basta de leyendas… al fin podrรฉ decirles que Moisรฉs aprovechรณ la marea baja para cruzar el Mar Rojo … Argentina, tierra de promisiรณn … todos los hombres de buena voluntad … brazos abiertos … generaciones creciendo como el trigo… un campo para sembrar ideas … Pestalozzi … mis ideales de enseรฑanza … colaborar con el crecimiento de una nueva Naciรณn, quรฉ regalo de la Historia. El samovar seguรญa proclamando, incansable, โ€œalgo se preparaโ€, pero ya nadie era capaz de oรญr su resplandor. ยฟLos jasidim? Enmohecidos. No era que las leyendas se hubiesen acabado: habรญan sido reemplazadas por otras que exhibรญan textos distintos. Definitivamente instalados sobre sus cuatro sillas, los padres de Sara y de Samuel optaban por callarse. La redenciรณn por el trabajo de la tierra no les decรญa mucho. ยฟY de su propio dolor, podรญan hablar? Hay cosas que no ganan con salir a la superficie, como el quinoto que brilla tentador en el fondo del vaso y que, fuera del tรฉ, es un frutito arrugado de color pardo. Lo รบnico que atinรณ a expresar el viejo Akiba fue: โ€”Y bueno, cada generaciรณn se cuenta un cuento. Pero Sara y Samuel no lo escucharon. No podรญan. Para lograr marcharse, tenรญan que pensar que las dos madres de cabeceo resignado, y Akiba, y Brun el encuadernador, cuya familia encuadernaba libros con la misma constancia con que los Dujovne eran maestros de escuela, ambos petisos, retacones, con los hombros llovidos y sendos rollos de grasa en la nuca, estaban completamente lelos. De haber pensado que no, que seguรญan cuerdos, tanto que ni siquiera lagrimeaban, de repente neutrales, observando la escena como si no les concerniera, con una gentileza de vaca que se para sola en la actitud requerida para que el carnicero la ultime con limpieza, Sara y Samuel nunca hubieran juntado fuerzas para llenar sus bolsos y amontonar sus ropas en un atado al que se anuda y desanuda cientos de veces. La realidad se desconoce hasta no haber elegido lo que se habrรก de llevar a la otra tierra. No hay momento mรกs grave, salvo el de morirse, y en ambos se hacen testamentos. โ€”ยกNo te vas a llevar esa gorrita agujereada! โ€”Sรกrele, ยฟcรณmo voy a dejar esta gorrita? โ€”Si no sos capaz de desprenderte de una gorra, quedate en Rusia. ยฟEntonces quรฉ llevaron? ยฟQuรฉ envolvieron en trapos con una ambiciรณn de dignidad visible en los remiendos? ยฟQuรฉ metieron en canastas despeluzadas y en el bolsรณn del tรญo que navegรณ por el Mar Negro? ยฟEdredones de plumas? El calor de la Argentina los tornรณ inรบtiles y se volvieron almohadas. ยฟEl samovar? Para tomar mate no se necesita mรกs que una pava. Eso sรญ, cargaron con infinidad de paquetitos. La pobreza acumula. Solo el rico se desplaza con una sola valija fรกcil de llevar. El pobre arrastra bรกrtulos siempre bamboleantes y fardos anudados a los que abraza como si fueran niรฑos. Pero lo necesita. No sabrรญa partir con poca cosa. Asรญ, al confortar sus espaldas con la tibieza de un bulto, se siente acompaรฑado. Se vistieron de velorio, รฉl con el hongo en la cabeza, ella con el paรฑuelo y, de inmediato, se encontraron extraรฑos. Como vestidos con ropa ajena. La crispaciรณn del hombro o la cadera hacรญa chingar la falda o la chaqueta. Se las habรญan puesto cientos de veces, pero lo que ahora las hacรญa diferentes era la actitud de los cuerpos con el adiรณs adentro: nadie se para del mismo modo cuando se va para siempre. Al marcharse perdรญan su familia, su paรญs y su nombre. Nadie mรกs los llamarรญa Dujovne con el matiz exacto de la e, esa e entre dos aguas, de origen tรกrtaro, que se desliza entre la e y la y, mientras la lengua, casi pegada al paladar, deja pasar el aire. Lo sabรญan tan bien que ya apartaban de sus rostros, como espantรกndose una mosca, la tentativa de explicar cรณmo se pronunciaba el apellido, admitiendo de Desde aquel rio pardo, Buenos Aires se confundรญa con la pampa. โ€”Llegamos โ€”les dijeron. ยฟAdรณnde? Aquello era lo menos parecido a un lugar de llegada. Algo habรญa, sรญ, ยกpero tan chato! Juntos trotaron en manada, floja la pierna, arrugado el ropรณn, hasta el Hotel de Inmigrantes. Por las ventanas aparecรญa una ciudad con techos de pizarra, igual que en Parรญs, con ventanas de rejas, igual que en Madrid, y con cรบpulas verdes rodeadas de matronas aladas, igual que en Roma. De allรญ los embarcaron rumbo a Concepciรณn del Uruguay y, al fin, apareciรณ un pueblito llamado Villa Domรญnguez donde unos hombres con botas, pantalรณn abullonado, chaqueta corta y sombrero negro los miraron de lado. โ€”ยกCosacos! โ€”exclamรณ Sara. Los reciรฉn llegados se volvieron hacia Samuel. Era el maestro, ya habรญa tenido que aprender un poco de espaรฑol. No muy seguro de sรญ, les explicรณ que a esos cosacos los llamaban gauchos, que el parecido se limitaba a la ropa, y quizรกs a la cara, se alisรณ las barbas, el ropรณn, se acomodรณ el honguito, se agachรณ a besar la tierra, se le cayรณ el honguito y, con labio terroso, articulรณ: โ€”ยฟCรณmo estรกis, amigos? Un jolgorio sacudiรณ el folclรณrico montรณn. Samuel creyรณ oรญr una palabra conocida y se frotรณ la oreja.  Sรญ, era idisch. โ€”ยกGauchos judรญos! โ€”gritรณ, abalanzรกndose a besarlos en la boca para horror de algรบn autรฉntico nativo que contemplaba la escena con una sorna parecida al rencor. Todo de beige, con cuello palomita, el administrador de la Jewish Colonisation, israelita francรฉs, se adelantรณ a darles la bienvenida revoleando el bastรณn. Tenรญa los modales adecuados como para que aquellos rusos se sintieran mรกs petisos y malentrazados que nunca. Los hicieron subir a un coche vivaracho que se llamaba sulky, la pampa abriรณ la boca, se los tragรณ, y los gauchos verdaderos, con un asombro creciente al ver que los apรณcrifos conducรญan el sulky de pie, se quedaron mirando con sus ojos oblicuos la polvareda rosa. ยฟPero serรญa posible una tierra tan plana? ยฟTan sin รกrboles? ยฟTan verde, sin embargo, y tan olorosa a vaca que el viento parecรญa contener los espรญritus de un ganado sin fin? Samuel, con amplio gesto, le mostrรณ a su mujer el horizonte circular y seรฑalรณ un punto: โ€”ยฟNo ves algo brillante, como de agua, allรก, entre la tierra y el cielo? โ€”Serรก un espejismo. Esto es un desierto โ€”cuando el nivel del entusiasmo subรญa en el marido, en la esposa bajaba. Ocasiรณn demasiado servida en bandeja como para que un maestro de Biblia no se sintiese obligado a contestar: โ€”Y aquรญ levantaremos nuestras tiendas. jAh, Sรกrele, Sรกrele! En este vacรญo sin lรญmites, la mirada comprende … Iba a decir: โ€œA D.osโ€. Pero se avergonzรณ y dijo: โ€œLa redondez de la Tierraโ€. Y llegaron a casa. La casa estaba en medio de la vastedad. No habรญan abandonado la vastedad para entrar en un pueblo amontonado que permitiese olvidarla por las noches, no: habรญa vastedad por adelante, vastedad por detrรกs y, en el centro, la casa, de ladrillos rojos y ventanas verdes con tela de malla contra las moscas. El piso, de tierra. Como Samuel lo mirรณ con ese gesto amargo que se le iba dibujando en la boca, el nivel de entusiasmo en ella subiรณ con rapidez: โ€”Juntaremos bosta de vaca para encerarlo bien, con el tiempo se forma una costra dura y brillante como roble de Eslavonia. Piso de madera no habrรญa pero sรญ mesas, roperos, camas, sillas, platos y hasta dos perros que ya tenรญan nombre: Pleve y Stolipin. Era una broma del Barรณn esperarlos con perros que se llamaban como los dos ministros antisemitas del Zar. El horno y el retrete quedaban afuera. A varias cuadras de distancia, la escuela, solitaria en medio de un camino enmarcado por una doble hilera de alambres que se juntaban en el horizonte, allรญ donde a Samuel le pareciรณ ver el brillo de una laguna. Sobre los postes se demoraba un pรกjaro grande, inmรณvil, negro, a veces ronco. El polvo y el viento formaban conos inmensos que remolineaban como trompos. Y forzando la vista, entonces sรญ podรญa verse a la distancia la copa de algรบn รกrbol, el molino de viento de alguna casa judรญa, que si no ยฟde dรณnde saldrรญan los alumnos en esa pampa desolada de Colonia Carmel? Cuando el samovar estuvo instalado sobre la mesa y los edredones de plumas, ignorando su destino de transformarse en almohadas, se estiraron con un ยกah! de delicia sobre las camas nuevas, Samuel y Sara se miraron perdidos. Les sobraba lugar. Alrededor de sus cuerpos encontraban sitio de mรกs. Por falta de costumbre andaban rรญgidos, con los codos pegados a las caderas cuando, por el contrario, para poblar ese tamaรฑo habrรญan tenido que moverlos como aspas de molino y ocupar el espacio a fuerza de ademanes, porque toda la Tierra es redonda, sรญ, Sรกrele, pero la pampa es muchรญsimo mรกs redonda que el resto de la Tierra. Colonia Carmel era un sitio que lanzaba las casas al voleo, apuntando a lo lejos en un intento por atrapar aquella franja de nada que parecรญa retroceder a cada paso. Avanzaban un poco: el horizonte retrocedรญa otro. Seguรญan avanzando, exasperados, enloquecidos, preguntรกndose cuรกndo terminarรญa de estirarse aquel elรกstico de tierra. Suerte que nunca aprendieron a montar, de lo contrario, ยกquรฉ susto para ellos, comprender que ni a galope tendido se alcanzaba el final! โ€”ยฟQuรฉ me anda haciendo con ese sobretodazo, don Samuel? Aligรฉrese, hombre, el sombrero quรฉdeselo si quiere pero pรณngase bombacha, calce alpargata, ยกno me va a salir a manear la vaca con esa ropa de velorio! โ€”ยกManear la vaca! โ€”murmuraba el maestroโ€”. En Kurilovich la vaca se viene a parar sola para que uno la ordeรฑe. La vaca vive con la gente, adentro de la casa, por poco no te conversa mientras tomรกs el tรฉ. ยฟDรณnde se ha visto en nuestro pueblo que una vaca espere a que el tarro estรฉ lleno para encajarle una patada? Se la quedaba mirando. Era una vaca. Pero no era una vaca. Tenรญa una expresiรณn furiosa y testaruda. Vaca salvaje, sin amor, americana, de tierra solitaria. โ€”ยฟY los caballos? โ€”seguรญaโ€”. Todo caballo ruso te conoce la hora en que debe ponerse junto a la vara para que le coloquen los arneses. Acรก, entre que salรญs a campearlo, lo enlazรกs y lo uncรญs al sulky, ya te olvidaste adรณnde ibas. Sin contar con que apenas te siente el peso, bufa como un demonio y sale disparado hasta que, cuadras mรกs allรก, te agarra ese tranquito cortรณn, criollo, que tanto me recuerda, ahora que pienso, al del caballo bashkir, solo que aquรฉl es mรกs chiquito y mรกs cubierto de pelo … โ€”ยก

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Colonia Carmel

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From: Alicia Dujovne Ortiz. Andanzas: Trilogรญa autobiogrรกfica. EQUIDISTANCIAS. Kindle Edition.

Unexpectedly, Samuel approached him: “Then let’s go.” Excitement made her stand up. Without realizing it, he kicked some leaves and asked in a strangled voice: – Are you serious? Would you leave? โ€”What can be lost? She sat down again, sulking. โ€”The answer is not that. If one goes to the end of the world, to the agrarian colonies of Baron Hirsch, it will not be to shrug one’s shoulders with such bitterness. โ€”Everyone reacts as they can, Sรกrele. Distressed, she encouraged him with a somewhat dry affection, caressing his cheek with her open palm, vertically, as if she were shaving him. As he did so he returned to the charge: โ€”Do you know how much each settler will receive, Samuel? Three hundred hectares. โ€”There will be thirty. โ€”I tell you three hundred. And he told him again what the groom knew by heart: that he had gone to Kishinev to listen to the lecture of the baron’s emissary, that French baron who wanted to save them from the pogroms. And that three hundred hectares in Argentina were nothing, because that pampa was an endless steppe. And she repeated the words โ€œplainโ€ and โ€œinfiniteโ€ with such gestures of grandeur that Samuel kissed her to prevent her from flying away. Sometimes we think we are kissing the owner of a lip, when in reality we are kissing an idea. On Saraโ€™s lips, he kissed Argentina, and it was not even a kiss of hope, as she feared, but one moved by a memory of white feathers. For the Jews of Bessarabia, the day Alexander II was assassinated became a day of white feathers. Samuel did not remember deaths or blood from that pogrom, he remembered open mattresses and Cossack hands reaching into the slits of the mattresses to look for Jewish money, and a large knife ripping open his own mattress, and a snow of feathers fluttering around the house. He shuddered: โ€œBut donโ€™t give me three hundred hectares, Sarele. What am I going to do with so much land?โ€ โ€œWe will learn.โ€ We will work with the sickle and the plough and we will free ourselves from intellectual condemnation. โ€”How do you expect me to free myself from intellectual condemnation? And then she, completely fed up: โ€”Oh, Samuel, Samuel! Now you are going to tell me that you have lived centuries treading not on land but on Book, walking not on roads but on aligned words, Hebrew, Aramaic, even Sanskrit, you are going to tell me that you have gypsy blood and that the gypsies came from India and that is why you study Sanskrit, and that neither Jews nor gypsies need land. But I can’t take it anymore, Samuel, I can’t take it anymore, and wake up, because life is not like that! โ€”Don’t you think that someone is redoing a drawing? โ€”he murmured without listening to her. We will speak Spanish, we who came from Khazariaโ€ฆ Yehuda Halevy tells how when the Jewish minister of the Caliph of Cordoba found out that there was a Jewish kingdom on the shores of the Caspian Seaโ€ฆ โ€”Look, Samuel, if you don’t wake up, I’ll go alone. Samuel picked up the silver-handled tea glass that the Christian rabble had by chance not taken, looked at the reddish liquid with its syrupy kumquat at the bottom and gave โ€”what choice? โ€” the impetuous speech that Sara and the other future immigrants expected from the schoolteacher, but that two fathers and two mothers heard from afar, as if in a dream: โ€”Baron de Hirschโ€ฆ never again a pogromโ€ฆ a colony awaits us in the province of Entre Rรญosโ€ฆ the Jews born in Argentina will need teachersโ€ฆ enough of legendsโ€ฆ I will finally be able to tell them that Moses took advantage of the low tide to cross the Red Seaโ€ฆ Argentina, promised landโ€ฆ all men of good willโ€ฆ open armsโ€ฆ generations growing like wheatโ€ฆ a field to sow ideasโ€ฆ Pestalozziโ€ฆ my teaching idealsโ€ฆ to collaborate with the growth of a new Nation, what a gift of History. The samovar continued to proclaim, tirelessly, โ€œsomething is being prepared,โ€ but no one was able to hear its glow any longer. The Hasidim? Moldy. It was not that the legends had ended: they had been replaced by others that displayed different texts. Definitely installed on their four chairs, the parents of Sara and Samuel chose to remain silent. Redemption through the work of the land did not mean much to them. And of their own pain, could they speak? There are things that don’t gain from coming to the surface, like the quinoto that shines temptingly at the bottom of the glass and that, outside of the tea, is a wrinkled brown fruit. The only thing that old Akiba managed to say was: “Well, every generation tells itself a story.” But Sara and Samuel didn’t listen to him. They couldn’t. In order to get away, they had to think that the two mothers with their resigned nods, and Akiba, and Brun the bookbinder, whose family bound books with the same constancy with which the Dujovnes were school teachers, both short, short, with sloping shoulders and rolls of fat on the back of their necks, were completely stupid. If they had thought that they weren’t, that they were still sane, so much so that they weren’t even crying, suddenly neutral, observing the scene as if it didn’t concern them, with the gentleness of a cow that stands up on its own in the attitude required for the butcher to finish it off cleanly, Sara and Samuel would never have gathered the strength to fill their bags and pile their clothes into a bundle that is tied and untied hundreds of times. The reality is unknown until one has chosen what to take to the other land. There is no more serious moment, except that of dying, and in both cases one makes wills. โ€”You are not going to take that little cap with holes in it! โ€”Sarele, how am I going to leave this cap? โ€”If you are not capable of giving up a cap, stay in Russia. So what did they take? What did they wrap in rags with an ambition for dignity visible in the patches? What did they put in lint-free baskets and in the bag of the uncle who sailed across the Black Sea? Down comforters? The heat of Argentina made them useless and they became pillows. The samovar? To drink mate you only need a kettle. Of course, they carried an infinite number of little packages. Poverty accumulates. Only the rich travel with a single, easy-to-carry suitcase. The poor man drags his always swaying belongings and knotted bundles that he hugs as if they were children. But he needs it. He wouldnโ€™t know how to leave with little. So, by comforting his back with the warmth of a bundle, he feels accompanied. They dressed for funerals, he with the bowler hat on his head, she with the scarf, and immediately they found themselves strangers. As if they were dressed in other peopleโ€™s clothes. The tenseness of the shoulder or the hip made the skirt or the jacket twitch. They had worn them hundreds of times, but what made them different now was the attitude of the bodies with the goodbye inside: no one stands the same way when they leave forever. When they left, they lost their family, their country and their name. No one else would call them Dujovne with the exact nuance of the e, that e between two waters, of Tatar origin, that slides between the e and the y, while the tongue, almost stuck to the palate, lets the air pass through. They knew it so well that they were already pushing away from their faces, as if shooing away a fly, the attempt to explain how to pronounce the surname, admitting that Desde eso rio pardo, Buenos Aires was confused with the pampas. โ€œWe arrived,โ€ they said. Where? That was the least similar to a place of arrival. There was something, yes, but so flat! Together they trotted in a herd, their legs limp, their robes wrinkled, to the Hotel de Inmigrantes. Through the windows a city appeared with slate roofs, just like in Paris, with barred windows, just like in Madrid, and with green domes surrounded by winged matrons, just like in Rome. From there they were put on board for Concepciรณn del Uruguay and, finally, a small town called Villa Domรญnguez appeared where some men in boots, puffed pants, short jackets and black hats looked at them sideways. โ€œCossacks!โ€ exclaimed Sara. The new arrivals turned to Samuel. He was the teacher, he had already had to learn a little Spanish. Not very sure of himself, he explained to them that these Cossacks were called gauchos, that the resemblance was limited to their clothes, and perhaps to their faces. He smoothed his beard, his robe, adjusted his hat, bent down to kiss the ground, the hat fell off and, with an earthy lip, he said: โ€œHow are you, friends?โ€ A cheer shook the folkloric crowd. Samuel thought he heard a familiar word and rubbed his ear. Yes, it was Yiddish. โ€œJewish gauchos!โ€ he shouted, rushing to kiss them on the mouth to the horror of some genuine natives who watched the scene with a sarcasm that seemed resentful. All in beige, with a turtleneck, the administrator of Jewish Colonisation, a French Israelite, came forward to welcome them, waving his cane. He had the right manners to make the Russians feel shorter and more ill-fated than ever. They were made to climb into a lively car called a sulky, the pampas opened their mouths and swallowed them up, and the real gauchos, with increasing astonishment at seeing the apocryphal gauchos driving the sulky standing up, stood gazing with their slanted eyes at the pink dust. But could such a flat land be possible? So treeless? So green, however, and so smelling of cow that the wind seemed to contain the spirits of an endless herd? Samuel, with a broad gesture, showed his wife the circular horizon and pointed to a spot: โ€œDonโ€™t you see something shining, like water, over there, between the earth and the sky?โ€ โ€œIt must be a mirage. This is a desert.โ€ When the level of enthusiasm rose in the husband, in the wife it fell. The opportunity was too well served for a Bible teacher not to feel obliged to answer: โ€œAnd here we will pitch our tents.โ€ Ah, Sarele, Sarele! In this boundless emptiness, the gaze understandsโ€ฆ She was going to say: โ€œTo God.โ€ But she was embarrassed and said: โ€œThe roundness of the Earth.โ€ And they arrived home. The house was in the middle of the vastness. They had not left the vastness to enter a crowded town that would allow them to forget it at night, no: there was vastness in front, vastness behind, and in the center, the house, made of red bricks and green windows with mesh screens to keep out the flies. The floor was made of dirt. As Samuel looked at him with that bitter frown forming on his mouth, her enthusiasm level rose rapidly: โ€œWeโ€™ll gather cow dung to wax it well, over time it forms a hard, shiny crust like Slavonian oak.โ€ There would be no wooden floor, but there were tables, wardrobes, beds, chairs, plates, and even two dogs that already had names: Pleve and Stolipin. It was a joke of the Baron to wait for them with dogs named after the Tsarโ€™s two anti-Semitic ministers. Several blocks away, the school, solitary in the middle of a road framed by a double row of wires that met on the horizon, where Samuel thought he saw the shine of a lagoon. On the posts a large, motionless, black bird lingered, sometimes hoarse. The dust and the wind formed immense cones that swirled like tops. And if you strained your eyes, you could see in the distance the top of some tree, the windmill of some Jewish house, otherwise where would the students come from in that desolate plain of Colonia Carmel? When the samovar was set on the table and the feather duvets, unaware of their destiny to be transformed into pillows, stretched out with an ah! of delight on the new beds, Samuel and Sara looked at each other, lost. They had plenty of room. They found more than enough space around their bodies. Out of habit they walked stiffly, with their elbows glued to their hips, when, on the contrary, to populate that size they would have had to move them like windmill blades and occupy the space by force of gestures, because the whole Earth is round, yes, Sรกrele, but the pampas are much rounder than the rest of the Earth. Colonia Carmel was a place that threw out houses at random, aiming far away in an attempt to catch that strip of nothingness that seemed to recede with each step. They advanced a little: the horizon receded another. They continued advancing, exasperated, maddened, wondering when that elastic piece of land would finish stretching. Luckily they never learned to ride, otherwise, what a fright for them, realizing that even at full gallop you couldn’t reach the end! “What are you doing to me with that big overcoat, Don Samuel? Lighten up, man, keep the hat if you want, but put on baggy pants, wear sandals, you’re not going to go out and handle the cow in those funeral clothes!” “Handle the cow!” murmured the master. “In Kurilovich the cow comes to stop by itself so you can milk it. The cow lives with people, inside the house, it almost talks to you while you drink tea. Where have you ever seen in our town a cow wait for the can to be full before kicking it?” He kept looking at it. It was a cow. But it wasn’t a cow. It had a furious and stubborn expression. A wild cow, without love, American, from a solitary land.” “And the horses?” he continued. Every Russian horse knows the hour when he must be brought to the pole to be harnessed. Here, between the time you go out to camp him, lasso him and hitch him to the sulky, you forget where you were going. Not to mention that as soon as he feels your weight, he snorts like a demon and takes off until, as you square up, you get that short, Creole gait that reminds me so much, now that I think about it, of the Bashkir horse, only that one is smaller and covered with more hairโ€ฆ

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De: Dujovne Ortiz, Alicia. Andanzas: Trilogรญa autobiogrรกfica. EQUIDISTANCIAS. Kindle Edition.

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Algunos libros de Alicia Dujovne Ortiz/Some of Alicia Dujovne Ortiz’s books

Amazon

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Carlos Poveda–Artista judรญo-costarricense venezolano, radicado en Francia/Costa Rican Venezuelan Jewish Artist, Living in France — Pinturas y dibujos y esculturas raras y distoricionados/Strange and Distorted Paintings, Drawings and Sculptures

Carlos Poveda

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Carlos Poveda naciรณ en San Josรฉ, Costa Rica, en 1940. Su obra artรญstica comenzรณ a exponerse a principios de la dรฉcada del 60 en el continente americano. En 1965 obtuvo la Menciรณn Honorรญfica para Dibujo de la VIII Bienal de Arte de Sao Paulo, Brasil, y el Premio Nacional de Pintura de Costa Rica. En el 2004 recibe el Premio Nacional de Escultura de Costa Rica, y en el 2005 el Premio Unico Francisco Narvรกez de la VIII Bienal de Escultura Francisco Narvรกez en Venezuela. Luego de haber vivido 30 aรฑos en Venezuela, actualmente reside en Paris.

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Carlos Poveda was born in San Josรฉ, Costa Rica, in 1940. His artistic work began to be exhibited in the early 1960s in the American continent. In 1965 he received the Honorable Mention for Drawing at the VIII Sao Paulo Art Biennial, Brazil, and the National Painting Award of Costa Rica. In 2004 he received the National Sculpture Award of Costa Rica, and in 2005 the Francisco Narvรกez Unique Award of the VIII Francisco Narvรกez Sculpture Biennial in Venezuela. After having lived in Venezuela for 30 years, he currently resides in Paris.

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Jacobo Schifter-Sikora — Novelista y comentarista social judรญo-costarricense/Costa Rican Jewish Novelist and Sociologist –“Hitler en Central Amรฉrica”/los nazis en Costa Rica antes de WWII — “East Side”/Comentarios sobre la Costa Rica judรญa de hoy

Jacobo Schifter-Skora

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Jacobo Schifter-Skora tiene un doctorado en Historia de la Universidad de Columbia, Nueva York. Ha escrito mรกs de 20 libros sobre las relaciones de Estados Unidos con Centroamรฉrica, la comunidad judรญa en la regiรณn y sobre las minorรญas sexuales. Muchos de estos libros se han publicado en Estados Unidos. Entre ellos se encuentran La casa de Lila, un estudio sobre la prostituciรณn masculina en Amรฉrica Latina, La construcciรณn sexual de la juventud latina, Amor machista, un estudio sobre el sexo en prisiรณn y muchos otros.

el autor trabajรณ en la UPAZ, impartiendo cursos sobre Gรฉnero y Genocidio. Trabaja para la Organizaciรณn Gallup.

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Jacobo Schifter-Skora has a PhD in History from Columbia University, New York. He has written more than 20 books on US relations with Central America, the Jewish Community in the region, and on sexual minorities. Many of these books have been published in the States. Among these are Lila’s House, A Study on Male Prostitution in Latin America, The Sexual Construction of Latino Youth, Macho Love. A Study of Sex in Prison and many others. The author worked at UPEACE, teaching courses on Gender and Genocide. He works for the Gallup Organization.

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(Traducido del inglรฉs por Stephen A. Sadow)

A los judรญos costarricenses les cuesta reconocer que cargan con un trauma intergeneracional heredado de siglos de persecuciรณn y expulsiones, por no hablar del Holocausto, que no dejรณ a nadie ileso, ni a los sobrevivientes ni a sus descendientes.

La primera razรณn era muy clara. Siglos de antisemitismo convirtieron a los judรญos en chivos expiatorios de todos los males de la cultura occidental; nos hicieron temerosos de decir algo que pudiera ser usado en nuestra contra. Obviamente, para una minorรญa tan perseguida, proteger a la familia de cualquier manera posible y no denunciar ningรบn abuso dentro de ella era parte de la cultura. En otras palabras, el silencio es oro.

Actualmente, la mayorรญa de la comunidad es polaca o de Europa del Este. Nuestros abuelos huyeron de la persecuciรณn y la pobreza que afectรณ a la dรฉcada de 1930. Para hacerlo, muchas veces tuvieron que dejar atrรกs a sus padres y hermanos. Hacer el viaje era mรกs fรกcil para un hombre que para una mujer y, obviamente, para una persona joven. Mi padre y sus hermanos no sรณlo abandonaron a sus padres, sino tambiรฉn a sus hermanas, a sus sobrinos y sobrinas, y a decenas, si no cientos, de parientes. Nadie imaginarรญa que nunca mรกs los volverรญan a ver.

Estas experiencias, en teorรญa, deberรญan haber hecho que la familia judรญa se pareciera mรกs a la familia costarricense.

La forma de protegerse de fuerzas nefastas, como la Inquisiciรณn o el nazismo, serรญa lรณgicamente mediante la defensa de la familia y ocultando cualquier maldad al pรบblico.

Sin embargo, los nazis lo cambiaron todo.

Primero, aprendimos que los lazos familiares podรญan ser bastante peligrosos. Las personas, como mi abuelo, que sobrevivieron por pura suerte, lo hicieron separรกndose de sus familias. De los relatos de los sobrevivientes se extrajo una lecciรณn: los pocos que sobrevivieron fueron los que se escondieron en las alcantarillas, los bosques, las casas de los campesinos, los frentes de batalla, los que, en cada ocasiรณn, tuvieron que abandonar a los abuelos, los padres y los niรฑos pequeรฑos.

Peor aรบn fue en los campos. Al ser enviada a un campo de trabajo en lugar de a un campo de exterminio, alguien de tu familia ocupaba tu lugar. Los sobrevivientes contaban la historia porque el resto de su familia iba hacia la muerte. Los que no pudieron dejar sola a una madre, o a una hermana menor, acababan en una nube de gas. La familia sobreviviente heredaba una herida de traiciones y cortes y la transmitirรญa inconscientemente a las nuevas generaciones.

Sรฉ que habrรก miles de excepciones, ojalรก la mayorรญa, pero en el inconsciente de la generaciรณn que sobreviviรณ quedรณ la culpa. Tambiรฉn la percepciรณn de que tener una familia podรญa ser peligroso. Las pobres madres judรญas tuvieron que matar a los niรฑos nacidos en los campos. En la pelรญcula โ€œLa decisiรณn de Sophieโ€, sรณlo habรญa una posibilidad: salvar al niรฑo que podรญa trabajar y enviar a la muerte a la niรฑa mรกs pequeรฑa.

Sรณlo asรญ he podido explicar la toxicidad de mi familia. El Holocausto convirtiรณ la mรญa en un campo de batalla donde las traiciones de los antepasados โ€‹โ€‹fueron heredadas por sus descendientes.

Me quedรฉ para cuidar a mi madre que sobreviviรณ durante cuatro aรฑos y medio. El cรกncer volviรณ. Me tuvieron que hacer el examen que mostraba una mancha en sus pulmones y me dijeron que le quedaba un aรฑo de vida.

Durante este aรฑo, mi hermano no llamรณ ni vino ni un solo dรญa (sรญ lo hizo el dรญa que la enterramos para ver cuรกnto le tocarรญa) y mi hermana solo puso excusas (su amante no la dejaba venir), asรญ que tuve que cuidarla sola con mi pareja (por eso llevamos 38 aรฑos juntos; nunca pude dejar a la persona que me ayudรณ a cuidar a mi madre). Llegรณ el dรญa de la muerte de mi madre y en vez de venir al hospital, fue con Elizabeth o con Beto, el nuevo amante. ยฟCรณmo puedes ir a un motel cuando tu madre se estรก muriendo?

La de Beto no tuvo ningรบn trauma del Holocausto y su familia no tomรณ decisiones que salvaran a unos y liquidaran a otros. Asรญ que Beto apoyarรญa a sus descendientes en las buenas y en las malas, con decisiones legรญtimas e ilegรญtimas y corruptas. Beto defiende a su familia hasta la muerte. Derek destruye a la suya.

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Costa Rican Jews find it difficult to recognize that they carry an intergenerational trauma inherited from centuries of persecution and expulsions. Not to menยญtion the Holocaust, which left no one unscathed; neiยญther the survivors nor their descendants.

The first reason was very clear. Centuries of anti-Semitism made Jews the scapegoats for all the evils of Western culture; it made us fearful of saying anything that could be used against us. Obviously, for such a persecuted minority, protecting the family in any way possible and not speaking out about any abuse within it was part of the culture. In other words, silence is golden.

Currently, most of the community is Polish or from Eastern Europe. Our grandparents fled persecution and poverty that affected the 1930s. To do so, they often had to leave behind their parents and siblings. Making the journey was easier for a man than a woman, and obviously, for a young person. My father and his brothers not only left their parents but also their sisters and their nieces and nephews, and dozens, if not hundreds, of relatives. No one would imagine they would never see them again.

These experiences, in theory, should have made the Jewish family more like the Costa Rican family.

The way to protect oneself against nefarious forces, such as the Inquisition or Nazism, would logically be through family defense and hiding any wrongdoing from the public.

However, the Nazis changed everything.

First, we learned that family ties could be rather dangerous. People, like my grandfather, who surviยญved by sheer luck, did so by breaking away from their families. From the accounts of survivors, a lesson was drawn: the few who survived were those who hid in sewers, forests, peasantsโ€™ houses, battlefronts, those who, on every occasion, had to abandon grandparents, parents, and young children.

Even worse was in the camps. To be sent to a labor camp instead of an extermination camp, someone from your family took your place. The survivors were telling the story because the rest of their family went towards death. Those who couldnโ€™t leave a mother, or a younger sister alone ended up in a cloud of gas. The surviving family inherited a wound of betrayals and cuts and would unconsciously pass it on to the new generations.

I know there will be thousands of exceptions, hopefully the majority, but in the unconscious of the generation that survived, guilt remained. Also, the perception that having a family could be dangerous. The poor Jewish mothers had to kill the children born in the camps. In the movie โ€œSophieโ€™s Choice,โ€ there was only one chance: to save the child who could work and send the youngest girl to death.

Only in this way have I been able to explain the toxicity of my family. The Holocaust turned mine into a battlefield where the betrayals of the ancestors were inherited by their descendants.

I stayed to take care of my mother who survived for four and a half years. The cancer came back. I had to receive the exam that showed a spot on her lungs, and they told me she had one year left to live.

During this year, my brother didnโ€™t call or come a single day (he did on the day we buried her to see how much he would get) and my sister only made excuses (her lover wouldnโ€™t let her come), so I had to take care of her alone with my partner (thatโ€™s why weโ€™ve been together for 38 years; I could never leave the person who helped me take care of my mother). The day of my motherโ€™s death came and instead of coming to the hospital, she went with Elizabeth or Beto, the new lover. How can you go to a motel when your mother is dying?

Betoโ€™s didnโ€™t have any trauma from the Holocaust and her family didnโ€™t make decisions that saved some and liquidated others. So, Beto would support her descendants in good times and bad, with legitimate and illegitimate and corrupt decisions. Beto defends her family to the death. Derek destroys her own.

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“Hitler en Centroamรฉrica”, una novela

–Esta escena tiene lugar en San Josรฉ inmediatamente antes de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Muestra la influencia, si indirecta, de los nazis en Costa Rica:

Ella no entendiรณ nada y lo intuyรณ todo a la vez.

El dibuk resultรณ, en realidad, ser un hombre, y las acompaรฑรณ de regreso al Mercado. El viaje de vuelta fue una combinaciรณn de terror y la mรกs absoluta felicidad, esto รบltimo un sentimiento nuevo. No prestaba oรญdos a nada de lo que le decรญa, ni comprendรญa los saludos de los comerciantes de la Avenida, o los piropos de los vendedores del mercado. Miraba a Carlos como al vestido de la vitrina, demasiado hermoso para hacerlo suyo.

Nunca habรญa visto un cabello de matices de rubio, cafรฉ y pastuso tan variados, ni una boca tan hermosa o dientes tan blancos y grandes. La sonrisa de su acompaรฑante era cรกlida, tan reconfortante como la de los negros que habรญa visto en Limรณn. Sin embargo, era un galรกn prohibido. Elena no comprendรญa cรณmo los alemanes tanto la odiaban y a la vez, la perseguรญan. “ยฟQuรฉ sentido tenรญa este truco de la naturaleza? ยฟEra el mismo sino que le tocรณ a Samuel, el suicida? โ€œ- se preguntaba para sรญ.

Cuando le pidiรณ que, si podรญa volverla a ver, le dio un “no” que ni ella misma se creรญa.

Cuando Elena tomรณ conciencia de que estaba a diez metros de La Peregrina, la tienda de su padre, Carlos se habรญa ido por los sinuosos caminos del Mercado, como un Elรญas que volรณ al cielo.

Un terrible bofetรณn la sacรณ del embrujo. “ยกSi te vuelvo ver con ese alemรกn, te mato!โ€- la amenazรณ su padre.

“ยกEstรกn comiendo ramas como las vacas!โ€- fue el grito de Sarita cuando mirรณ a dos individuos deleitarse con la caรฑa de azรบcar. La niรฑa no conocรญa la planta y no comprendรญa cรณmo los costarricenses podรญan comerla. Samuel, el hermano intermedio, por su parte, se

habรญa comido un banano con todo y cรกscara y la misma Elena habรญa pelado un aguacate para casi quebrarse un diente con la semilla. Ninguno de ellos, estaba acostumbrado a viandas hechas de maรญz. Ni conocรญan verduras como el chayote, el camote, y la yuca.

Tampoco consumรญan frijoles negros, esos granos entre negros y cafรฉs, pastosos con un sabor a tierra mojada, calientes y con un dejo de sabor delicioso a aroma tropical, parte de la dieta de la nueva naciรณn.

En Europa, se alimentaban con papa, frijoles blancos, fideos, arenque, mantequilla, pan y salami. Los productos variaban de acuerdo con la estaciรณn: mรกs grasas en el invierno y mรกs productos lรกcteos en el verano. Pero en un paรญs tropical, los platos del Viejo Mundo se tornaron en muy pesados y debieron ser abandonados.

Tambiรฉn algo mรกs importante para los Sikora: la comida kosher, que en el barco no la consiguieron, ni en Costa Rica, porque no habรญa shoijets que sacrificaran los animales.

Para esa fecha y debido a casi una dรฉcada sin carne kosher, los primeros inmigrantes habรญan abandonado la costumbre.

La joven tuvo, a la vez, que variar su forma de vestir. En la carta que le enviรณ a su amiga Shosha, le contรณ que “debido a que en Europa se dan las cuatro estaciones y aquรญ es verano todo el aรฑo, la ropa es mรกs ligera. Cuando me puse mis medias largas de hilo que usamos allรก contra el frรญo, la gente se reรญa porque me veรญa cรณmica”. La vida social tambiรฉn era distinta. Los paisanos se encontraron, de la noche a la maรฑana, convertidos en minorรญa psicolรณgica.

En Polonia, aunque tambiรฉn eran menos que los cristianos, vivรญan como mayorรญa urbana. De ahรญ que en estos shteitels, se impusieran las celebraciones religiosas como centro de la vida cultural y social. Pero en el Nuevo Mundo, la vida social y recreativa pasรณ a ser secular. Y ademรกs, habรญa algo ausente en los shteitels polacos: el cine. Segรบn Elena, el nuevo arte le ayudarรญa a divertirse y expandir su mente: “El cine vino a ser el punto central de la actividad social. ร‰ste, con sus anuncios luminosos, representaba para mรญtodo lo festivo. Las luces que se encendรญan y apagaban me atraรญan mucho porque en mi pueblo en Polonia no habรญa electricidad”.

Pero los cambios no se limitarรญan a los alimentos o el vestido. El idioma serรญa uno crucial.En Polonia, los Sikora hablaban รญdish, la lengua de los ashkenazis. Luego, dependiendode la actividad y la necesidad, se hablaba el polaco. La mayorรญa de los paisanos lo dominaba a medias porque vivรญa tan separada, que la comunicaciรณn con los polacos era mรญnima. Pero en el nuevo paรญs, el contacto social fue mucho mayor. Elena, por ejemplo,empezรณ sus clases con el carnicero del mercado para integrarse, como toda su generaciรณn,a las escuelas pรบblicas. La joven, en la misma misiva a su amiga en Polonia, describe cuรกn rรกpido tuvo que aprenderlo:

Lo primero que notamos fue que habรญa que aprender el espaรฑol. Como llegamos cuando estaban por finalizar las clases, mi papรก me puso un maestro particular. Pero fue en la escuela donde lo pude aprender de verdad. Recuerdo que la ortografรญa la logrรฉ dominar rรกpido. En el primer dictado que hizo la maestra, una niรฑa tuvo 70 faltas de ortografรญa. Cuando la maestra dijo ante todas que una de nosotras habรญa cometido tantos errores, me echรฉ a reรญr y pensรฉ: ยกquรฉ tonta!

Buena sorpresa me llevรฉ al descubrir que habรญa sido yo. Al mes siguiente, en el segundo dictado, solamente cometรญ solo tres.

Obviamente, sus padres no contaron, por la edad y por no asistir a la escuela, con un espaรฑol tan rรกpido y tan bien hablado. Pronto, Elena hablaba el espaรฑol como su primera lengua y sus padres se quedaban con un cada dรญa mรกs olvidado รญdish y un espaรฑoldeficiente. La diferencia tendrรญa repercusiones.

Papรก hablaba en รญdish con mamรก y en espaรฑol con nosotros. Cuando รฉl hablaba en la lengua local, sentรญa que le era difรญcil expresar lo que querรญa decir. Era ssegunda lengua y no la dominaba. A veces creo que muchas cosas que me decรญan hubiesen tenido un mayor impacto si hubiese hablado naturalmente el castellano.

En ciertas ocasiones lo observaba expresรกndose en รญdish y parecรญa mรกs seguro de sรญ mismo, mรกs profundo en lo que decรญa. Me preguntaba: ยฟCuรกnto no nos habremos conocido por hablar idiomas diferentes?

La joven no solo lo aprendiรณ sin acento, sino que “por arte de magia” el polaco desapareciรณ. Elena le escribiรณ a su compaรฑera del pueblo que “me pasรณ una cosa curiosa.Como usted sabe, habรญa asistido a la escuela pรบblica polaca y hablaba el idioma a la perfecciรณn. Mis padres, como los tuyos, hablaban en รญdish. Pues en seis meses de estar aquรญ, se me olvidรณ totalmente el polaco. A mediados de este aรฑo ya no recuerdo nada”.

Un factor que hizo difรญcil la comunicaciรณn entre David y su familia fueron los aรฑos de separaciรณn. Los siete aรฑos que se mantuvieron aparte crearon divisiones difรญciles de ignorar. Su hija asรญ lo habรญa escrito a su compaรฑera en Polonia:

Papรก y yo estuvimos separados varios aรฑos. Al llegar nosotros a Costa Rica, tiempo despuรฉs de que รฉl lo habรญa hecho, empezamos a acostumbrarnos el uno al otro. Yo me habรญa criado sin padre y ahora me era difรญcil aceptarlo. Fue un comienzo duro, รญbamos asimilando las costumbres del lugar y las suyas. Era una convivencia familiar diferente, habรญa un hombre y todo giraba alrededor de รฉl, del humor que podรญa tener, que casi siempre era malo. La vida era dura y meimagino que eso lo hacรญa a รฉl serlo. Al principio, la dependencia econรณmica que tenรญamos con รฉl fue frustrante.

Estas transformaciones incidieron a la vez en la forma de llevar la religiรณn. La joven se percatรณ de que “nuestros padres se volvieron menos estrictos. Dejaron de asistir a la sinagoga los sรกbados” y eso habรญa sido fundamental para que “yo haga lo mismo”. Segรบn ella, la razรณn para que los paisanos ticos se convirtieran en Mechallel Shabes era econรณmica “porque aquรญ las tiendas, inclusive la nuestra, se abrรญan ese dรญa, de siete de la maรฑana a las diez de la nocheโ€- porque “era el mejor dรญa de ventas”. A pesar de que en Dlugosiodlo era lo mรกs “lindo y sagradoโ€- en Costa Rica, “era un dรญa cualquiera de trabajo. Mi padre iba a la sinagoga, pero la tienda no se debรญa cerrar”.

Pero el puรฑetazo de su padre le hizo saber, desde su segundo dรญa en el paรญs, que algunas cosas, aparentemente, no cambiarรญan. “No quiero una apikoiresteh que ande con goymโ€ le gritรณ a su hija. “Aquรญ las cosas parecen distintas. pero no tanto como crees. Una cosa es no comer kosher o laborar los sรกbados por necesidad y otra convertirnos. No voy a tolerar que mi hija deje el judaรญsmo, no mientras viva”.

Su padre interpretaba, como toda su generaciรณn, que, si los hebreos se casaran con cristianos, desaparecerรญan. “Mira lo que pasรณ con los judรญos sefarditas que vinieron a este paรญs. Como se unieron en matrimonio con gente de aquรญ, ahora sus hijos son cristianos y les da vergรผenza que sepan su origen hebreo. Lo mismo te pasarรก a ti si andas con esehombre que es, para peores, alemรกn y -ยกhorror de los horrores!- casado”.

La jovencita le dio la razรณn a su padre. Tenรญa bastantes problemas para aรฑadir uno mรกs.

Le prometiรณ que no saldrรญa con Carlos y le reiterรณ que asรญ se lo habรญa dicho al caballero.

Pero tambiรฉn le dejรณ saber que no la tratarรญa como una criada: Strasheh micht nit!, le gritรณ. A Elena, despuรฉs de vivir en el matriarcado en Polonia, no le gustaba la expectativa de entrar en una dictadura patriarcal. Si su madre se hacรญa sumisa, la joven no tenรญa ningรบn interรฉs en hacer lo mismo. Bastante esfuerzo les habรญa costado mantenerse solas para ahora claudicar por una tienda cerca de los orinales. Despuรฉs de todo, la gran mejorรญa en su vida parecรญa reducirse a vender en un cuchitril de mercado costarricense en lugar de un shteitel polaco.

Mientras la joven atendรญa a los clientes, aprendรญa el nuevo idioma, hacรญa labores domรฉsticas y cuidaba a sus hermanos, el galรกn alemรกn no dejaba de acosarla. Escogรญa los dรญas en que don David andaba donde el mรฉdico y buscaba los excusados del Mercadopara admirar la belleza de la tendera judรญa. La muchacha tampoco ocultaba que le agradaba ser cortejada por un varรณn tan galรกn. La misma Anita empezรณ a sospechar de las visitas a los servicios. “Tojter, ยฟno te parece extraรฑo que ese hombre orine tantas veces al dรญa?โ€- le preguntรณ. “No, madre, seguro en el trรณpico la gente mea mรกs”. No obstante, la madre no quedรณ convencida. “No sรฉ hija mรญa, no me parece normal. Debe ir a revisarse los riรฑones”.

En otras ocasiones, el dueรฑo de la floristerรญa le traรญa unas rosas rojas a la muchacha. โ€œAquรญ le manda un cliente que estรก agradecido por la buena calidad de la ropaโ€- le comentaba al guiรฑarle el ojo. Anita no se lo creรญa: “ยฟEn quรฉ paรญs del mundo te mandan flores por las compras?โ€- exclamaba sin entender quรฉ pasaba. “Y si es asรญ, ยฟpor quรฉ nadie me envรญa a mรญ?” “Es que usted vende ropa de mujer y ellas son menos agradecidasโ€-contestaba la joven.

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–This scene takes place in San Josรฉ just before World War II. I shows the influence, if indirect, of the Nazis, en Costa Roca :

She understood nothing and sensed everything at once.

The dybbuk turned out to be a man, and he accompanied them back to the market. The trip back was a combination of terror and absolute happiness, the latter a new feeling. She didn’t listen to anything he said, nor did she understand the greetings of the merchants on the Avenue, or the compliments of the market vendors. She looked at Carlos as if he were a dress in the window, too beautiful to make her own.

She had never seen hair of such varied shades of blonde, brown and pastuso, nor such a beautiful mouth or such white and large teeth. Her companion’s smile was warm, as comforting as that of the blacks she had seen in Limรณn. However, he was a forbidden gallant. Elena did not understand how the Germans hated her so much and at the same time, persecuted her. “What was the point of this trick of nature? Was it the same fate that befell Samuel, the suicide?” she asked herself.

When she asked him if he could see her again, he gave her a “no” that she didn’t even believe.

When Elena realized that she was ten meters from “La Peregrina”, her father’s store, Carlos had gone along the winding paths of the Market, like an Elias who flew to heaven.

A terrible slap broke her out of the spell. “If I see you with that German again, I’ll kill you!” her father threatened her.

“They’re eating branches like cows!” was Sarita’s cry when she saw two individuals delighting in sugar cane. The girl did not know the plant and did not understand how Costa Ricans could eat it. Samuel, the middle brother, on the other hand, had eaten a banana with its peel and Elena herself had peeled an avocado, almost breaking a tooth with the seed. Neither of them was accustomed to food made from corn. Nor did they know vegetables such as chayote, sweet potato, and yuca.

They also did not eat black beans, those grains between black and brown, pasty with a taste of wet earth, hot and with a hint of delicious tropical aroma, part of the diet of the new nation.

In Europe, they ate potatoes, white beans, noodles, herring, butter, bread and salami. The products varied according to the season: more fats in the winter and more dairy products in the summer. But in a tropical country, the dishes of the Old The world became very burdensome and they had to be abandoned.

Also something more important for the Sikoras: kosher food, which they did not get on the ship, nor in Costa Rica, because there were no shoijets to slaughter the animals.

By that time and due to almost a decade without kosher meat, the first immigrants had abandoned the custom.

The young woman also had to change her way of dressing. In the letter she sent to her friend Shosha, she told her that “because in Europe there are four seasons and here it is summer all year round, the clothes are lighter. When I put on my long linen stockings that we wear there against the cold, people laughed because I looked funny.” Social life was also different. The countrymen found themselves, overnight, converted into a psychological minority.

In Poland, although they were also fewer than the Christians, they lived as an urban majority. Hence, in these shteitels, religious celebrations became the centre of cultural and social life. But in the New World, social and recreational life became secular. And there was also something missing in Polish shteitels: cinema. According to Elena, the new art would help her have fun and expand her mind: “The cinema became the central point of social activity. It, with its illuminated advertisements, represented for me everything festive. The lights that went on and off attracted me a lot because in my village in Poland there was no electricity.”

But the changes would not be limited to food or clothing. Language would be a crucial one. In Poland, the Sikora spoke Yiddish, the language of the Ashkenazis. Then, depending on the activity and need, Polish was spoken. Most of the countrymen only half mastered it because they lived so far apart that communication with the Poles was minimal. But in the new country, social contact was much greater. Elena, for example, began her classes with the butcher at the market in order to join, like all her generation, the public schools. In the same letter to her friend in Poland, the young woman describes how quickly she had to learn it:

The first thing we noticed was that we had to learn Spanish. Since we arrived when school was almost over, my father hired me a private tutor. But it was at school that I really learned it. I remember that I quickly mastered spelling. In the first dictation the teacher gave, one girl had 70 spelling mistakes. When the teacher told everyone that one of us had made so many mistakes, I laughed and thought: how stupid!

I was very surprised to discover that it was me. The following month, in the second dictation, I only made three.

Obviously, her parents did not have such a fast and well-spoken Spanish, due to her age and not attending school. Soon, Elena spoke Spanish as her first language and her parents were left with an increasingly forgotten Yiddish and a deficient Spanish. The difference would have repercussions.

Dad spoke Yiddish with Mom and Spanish with us. When he spoke in the local language, I felt it was difficult for him to express what he wanted to say. It was a second language and he didn’t master it. Sometimes I think that many things that were said to me would have had a greater impact if he had spoken Spanish naturally.

Sometimes I watched him express himself in Yiddish and he seemed more self-assured, more profound in what he said. I wondered: How long have we not known each other because we spoke different languages?

Not only did the young woman learn it without an accent, but “like magic” the Polish disappeared. Elena wrote to her friend in the village that “a curious thing happened to me. As you know, I had attended the Polish public school and spoke the language perfectly. My parents, like yours, spoke Yiddish. Well, in six months of being here, I completely forgot Polish. By the middle of this year I no longer remember anything.”

One factor that made communication between David and his family difficult was the years of separation. The seven years apart created divisions that were difficult to ignore. His daughter had written to her partner in Poland:

Dad and I were separated for several years. When we arrived in Costa Rica, some time after he had, we began to get used to each other. I had grown up without a father and now it was difficult for me to accept him. It was a hard start, we were assimilating the customs of the place and his own. It was a different family life, there was a man and everything revolved around him, his mood, which was almost always bad. Life was hard and I imagine that made him hard. At first, the economic dependence we had on him was frustrating.

These changes also affected the way we carried out religion. The young woman realized that “our parents became less strict. They stopped going to synagogue on Saturdays” and that had been fundamental for “me to do the same.” According to her, the reason for the Costa Ricans to become Mechallel Shabes was economic, “because here the stores, including ours, opened on that day, from seven in the morning to ten at night” – because “it was the best day for sales.” Even though in Dlugosiodlo it was the most “beautiful and sacred” – in Costa Rica, “it was just another work day. My father went to synagogue, but the store was not supposed to close.”

But her father’s punch made her know, from her second day in the country, that some things, apparently, would not change. “I don’t want an apikoiresteh who hangs out with goym” she shouted to her daughter. “Things seem different here, but not as much as you think. One thing is not eating kosher or working on Saturdays out of necessity and another is converting. I will not tolerate my daughter leaving Judaism, not while I live.”

Her father, like all his generation, interpreted that if Jews married Christians, they would disappear. “Look what happened to the Sephardic Jews who came to this country. Because they married people from here, now their children are Christians and they are ashamed that people know their Hebrew origin. The same thing will happen to you if you go out with that man who is, to make matters worse, German and – horror of horrors! – married.”

The young girl agreed with her father. She had enough problems to add one more.

She promised him that she would not go out with Carlos and reiterated that she had told the gentleman so.

But she also let him know that she would not treat her like a maid: Strasheh micht nit!, she shouted at him. Elena, after living in the matriarchy in Poland, did not like the prospect of entering a patriarchal dictatorship. If her mother became submissive, the young girl had no interest in doing the same. It had taken them enough effort to stay alone to now give in to a store near the urinals. After all, the great improvement in her life seemed to be reduced to selling in a Costa Rican market hovel instead of a Polish shteitel.

While the young woman was serving customers, learning the new language, doing housework and looking after her siblings, the German hunk kept harassing her. He chose the days when Don David was at the doctor’s and looked for the toilets in the market to admire the beauty of the Jewish shopkeeper. The girl also made no secret of the fact that she liked being courted by such a handsome man. Anita herself began to suspect the visits to the toilets. “Tojter, don’t you think it’s strange that this man urinates so many times a day?” she asked. “No, mother, surely in the tropics people urinate more.” However, the mother was not convinced. “I don’t know, my daughter, it doesn’t seem normal to me. She should go and have her kidneys checked.”

On other occasions, the owner of the flower shop would bring the girl some red roses. “This is what a customer who is grateful for the good quality of the clothes sent you,” he would comment, winking at her. Anita couldn’t believe it: “In what country in the world do they send you flowers for your purchases?” she exclaimed, not understanding what was happening. “And if that’s the case, why doesn’t anyone send them to me?” “It’s because you sell women’s clothes and women are less grateful,” the young woman answered.

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